Critical Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants free essay sample

Mikhail Shimonov Professor Kaufman March 28, 2011 Critical Analysis of Hills like White Elephants right away, Hills like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway, may insinuate numerous understandings, in any case, the short story has a reasonable reason. Set in the Ebro River valley in Spain, the story lingers around the issue delivered by Jig and the American, who is anonymous all through the entire story. The issue here being the ‘simple operation’ that Jig is going to experience which happens to be an abortion.Set in the mid 1920s, the possibility of premature birth is as nonsensical and questionable as today’s progressing banter over gay marriage. In spite of the fact that the term fetus removal is never utilized in the story, the symbolism Hemingway utilizes alongside the language and conduct of the characters gives route for one clarification †Jig is getting a premature birth. Of the numerous images Hemingway utilizes, the topic of fetus removal is obvious in the trinket slopes that have the â€Å"coloring of †¦ skin through the trees† (Hemingway, 1). The white slopes, as portrayed in the setting, matches a pregnant lady lying on her back with the slopes being comparative with the belly. Also, the white shade of the slopes would speak to the immaculateness of the unborn kid the lady bears. Besides, the fields of grain and trees along the stream would speak to the fruitfulness that the lady epitomizes all through the story. Her body being the prolific land on which the white slopes were. The trees along the slopes being the twisting variable of her attitude on proceeding with the premature birth as the American endure all through the story.The longer they talk about it, the more it gets obvious to the peruser that the young lady is getting progressively disturbed with the discussion and how simple the American is making the activity to be. During the discussion of the American and the lady, the man is continually squeezing Jig to recognize that the activity is basic and is just â€Å"to let the air in† (2). These comments play on the topic giving the ramifications of fetus removal and its crude beginnings in the mid 1900s.As the story advances, the woman’s understanding and possible conclusion is influenced to and fro with her contemplations on whether she should concentrate on keeping the American cheerful or keep up a personal responsibility as the American keeps squeezing for the activity. During the story, notwithstanding, the American states to the lady â€Å"if you don’t need to you don’t need to. I wouldn’t have you do it on the off chance that you didn’t need to†, all things considered, he in the end finishes up with â€Å"But I know it’s impeccably simple† (2).The end to his announcement gives the peruser a feeling that the American, albeit overall quite mindful, he is just considering how his life would go to a prompt stop after the infant is conceived. It is obvious from â€Å"the packs against the mass of the station †¦ [with] marks on them from all the lodgings where they had spent nights† that the two of them jumped at the chance to travel, drink, and have a good time †the life of a youthful couple (3). Be that as it may, it is clarifies sense regarding why the American would need to push for the fetus removal presently considerably more so realizing that he makes the most of his current lifestyle.This is basically his objective and his rationale in convincing her proceed with the premature birth, and her being guileless and oversimplified, she would be influenced simple by his words, insofar as â€Å"he is happy† as she states incalculably all through their discussion (2). As expressed in the start of the story, he has just yielded much for her: the steady uneasiness with having the youngster, and his objective to appreciate a beverage of absinthe, which probably has an aftertaste like licorice (1-3). Towards the finish of the story, her alternatives start to limited to just two: either have the premature birth or live with the child.This is foreshadowed consummately in the start of the short story with the station being â€Å"between two lines of rails in the sun† â € one coordinating towards labor, while the other track controlling to prematurely end (1). Faced with two decisions with a man pushing for you to take one over the different takes into account a climactic consummation †one that isn't uncovered. Therefore, one can likewise say that she was inclining in the Americans cause for she was drinking liquor †a known subsidiary of an undesirable youngster †a kid looking like the â€Å"shadow of a cloud moving over the field of grain† (2). At last, Hills like White Elephants has exceptionally clear depictions alluding to whether the story is about fetus removal or not. From the different ramifications regarding the reality of their concern to how the images gave in the story all identify with virtue and ripeness. In view of Jig’s hard choice to pick, one can perceive how the character of Jig can be pregnant and really influenced by the activity that is professed to be basic by the American.The American, pushing her since he has an impetus †his previous lifestyle, wouldn't like to change the state of mind of his life. The drinking, the voyaging, the touring †all gone in the event that she decides to remain with the kid. In spite of the fact that the term fetus removal is rarely expressed, Hemingway could have decided to overlook the word to make a more grounded story, expanding threatening vibe among perusers. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. Slopes Like White Elephants. Scribd. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. http://www. scribd. com/doc/94569/Hills-Like-White-Elephants.

Managing and evaluating informal education Essay

Overseeing and assessing casual instruction - Essay Example Authoritative culture has no solid definition; various specialists have characterized in different structures with the goal that vagueness of the word is cleared to a limited degree. As indicated by Denison (1990) and Celand (1994), refered to by Nayak et al. (2011), authoritative culture can be characterized as â€Å"an condition of association which is comprised of convictions, rehearses, customs, information and conventionalised conduct of a particular social group†. As it were, a few analysts have related various terms with the word ‘culture’, for example, shared implications of images, customs, convictions, and legends that advance with the progression of time and diminish changeability in human instinct and control while molding employees’ conduct inside the association. Since individuals are important resources of associations, they are the ones who maintain the business exercises of associations as groups; culture helps in giving them a significance, shared vision alongside set of rules, standards and norms as indicated by which they need to carry on in the separate association. There are three levels in authoritative culture as recognized by Nayak et al. (2011) for example curios of culture that can be watched, trailed by shared qualities and afterward regular suppositions. At the point when levels are considered as layers, at that point when the level is more profound, it gets hard to analyze and break down hierarchical culture by going at that level. Lund (2003) has expressed that authoritative culture in an association is characterized by the common convictions, qualities, recognitions or customs that are held and followed by representatives inside that specific association or its unit. Since hierarchical culture is an impression of conduct standards, convictions and qualities that are being utilized by organisation’s representatives, they offer implications to the circumstances when they experience it and these culture attributes

December and January Holiday Office Hours COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

December and January Holiday Office Hours COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The next two weeks the University and SIPA will be recognizing a number of holidays.   Below is important information regarding our office hours.   We are keeping very busy as the January 5th deadline approaches but if you contact us on any of the following dates you can expect a short delay due to office closures. Thursday, December 23:   Office will close at 1:00 PM Friday, December 24:   Office closed for the day Monday, December 27:   Office closed for the day Thursday, December 30:   Office will close at 1:00 PM Friday, December 31:   Office closed for the day Monday, January 3:   Office closed for the day

Benthams Theory of Happiness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 994 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/22 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Happiness Essay Did you like this example? Human Nature and Nature has somewhat of a common goal and that goal is to find Happiness or to be Happy. Many may have differences when it comes to values that may contribute towards their happiness, meaning that not everyone has the same preference when it comes to that one thing or set of things that allow them to feel at peace and complete. Bentham gave a thought process on how one should really incorporate certain actions within their daily routines. Basically, he is stating that if you can feel, you can prevent and cure. THEORY OF VALUE The Theory of Value touches on different topics such as pain and pleasure, good and bad, Utility, and how should the value of something be measured. These topics revert to the main one which is Utility. By utility is meant that property in any object Bentham 1.3(2). Bentham is basically saying in the above quote that whatever you value the most should bring continuous happiness whether it is a person, place or thing. He then goes on to say the principle of utility. the tendency has to augment the happiness. greater than diminish it. Bentham 1.6 (3). Therefore, utility allows a person to make the correct decisions based on certain situations. The value of said utility can allow an individual to move accordingly. If the good outweighs the bad or the bad outweighs the good, a person will know to whom or what to give all of their attention to. This theory may also be looked at from the perspective of if the subject can feel pain or the question that Bentham asked Can they suffer? Bentha m 17.4 note (310). Bentham believed that once an object can show emotions, they should add a great value and be of priority. They should be protected from anything that may cause harm or pain. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benthams Theory of Happiness" essay for you Create order THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE Human Nature has people with different mindsets. According to Bentham, Human Nature is governed by pain and pleasure Bentham 1.1 (1-2). For Bentham, this is the base for all forms of decision making. He thought that everyone deserved to be secured from pain since it is seen as being evil. The business of government is to promote happiness.by punishing and rewarding Bentham 7.1(70). This shows that it is the duty of the government to protect its people and allow them to have happiness in the process. It can also go for everyone else other than just the government. When living in a community once someone has caused another pain without any form of sympathy, it should not go unpunished. Bentham brought light to this by using slaves as an example. He stated that no one has any rights of owning things that have any way of showing feelings. Bentham stresses the fact that we all have a duty to not cause harm or do evil. Human Nature is supposed to be sensible beings and should know how to treat not just only self but also those around us. Human Nature on a whole is subjected to moral duties, and together with those duties, there should be some form of sympathy shown towards each other. There should not be any kind of bias when it comes to showing sympathy. Human Nature is filled with sensitive individuals from human beings to animals, therefore, sympathy is a part of said duties. HOW OUGHT I TO ACT? Overall, Human Nature as stated above has a moral duty when it comes to how others should be treated. Bentham gave a small outline of what it should be. The three parts to said duty are as follows, Probity, Prudence, and Beneficence. The way that these words were placed according to the context, Probity means to not cause pain or harm to others. Prudence means that one has a duty to avoid causing pain to ones self. Beneficence means that one should be able to assist someone or to prevent pain from happening to others. He then continues on to give reasons under Beneficence. The first is to refrain or stay away from any harm, the second is to make an attempt to prevent the harm; one will choose to or choose not to carry out such an action if it is within your power to prevent it, and if it is too much of a ?sacrifice. With these in place, it gives a person some assistance in the choices that should be made. Bentham added that EthicsBentham 17.2-17.9 (310-314), plays a big part in the way situations are being handled. It is the way an activity is carried out towards the fulfillment of happiness. If something is going on one cannot just stand there and allow it to happen. Bentham gave different scenarios in Chapter 17 note (pg 323), A womans head-dress catches fire: water is at hand:a man looks on and laughs at it. What is being said is that if one can give any form of assistance to anyone who is in harms way, they should do it. This goes back to where he speaks about having sympathy and the moral duty of Human Nature. If the man assisted the woman with putting out the fire, he would be helping prevent any harm being done to her. The man would be performing the moral duty which is Beneficence. To sum it up, How ought I to act?, can be taken from the above theories. All these theories have a part to play in the main part of how every one should be treated. It should not matter whether one is in the government or in a lower class than others, all should be treated as an equal because of the fact that they can suffer. Utility, since having something of value is part of Human Nature, the moral duty will fall into place. By not causing harm to others or self, no one would feel pain and will always look forward to enjoying the pleasures of the things they value the most.

Poverty Between Poverty And Poverty - 1322 Words

Poverty has been a prevalent issue that has plagued the world’s economy for years, fortunately, global poverty rates seem to be declining . In order to understand why this decline is occurring, one must first understand levels of poverty. In an article published by The Economist they claims that there are different levels of poverty, they use extreme poverty (absolute poverty), and relative poverty as the two definitions . Extreme poverty refers to the world banks â€Å"poverty line†. In 2011 the â€Å"World Bank updated its international poverty line to USD $1.90 a day† . This means that any person living on less than USD $1.90 a day is considered to be living in extreme poverty, generally, individuals who live in the third world be more†¦show more content†¦The decline in global poverty rates can be attributed to economic factors such as, globalization, which refers to increase in trade and financial integration of the world economy (cite, Ayhan Kose) , and education and its effects on the economy. Firstly, one huge byproduct of globalization is a process called outsourcing. Christian Caron, a Sociology professor at the University of Toronto defines outsourcing as the process in which large corporations send production and services to firms in less developed countries . This creates jobs in less developed countries, thus boosting their economy, while the corporations end up paying fewer taxes in the more developed countries. Outsourcing has become a very common practice in the first world, and in trade, creating a larger demand for jobs in the third world, ultimately, boosting the economy of all countries involved Education is a top priority for many countries. The higher the literacy rates in a particular country, the more specialized jobs there will be for the population, in trade this has a positive effect on the overall GDP of the state. The key relationship of GDP and literacy rates is shown through specialized jobs, specialized jobs create more work, and creates a diversity in job opportunities for a society (not just manual labor jobs) (cite). Although many third world countries often lack schooling and education, there have been efforts byShow MoreRelatedPoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1875 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty eradication has become one of the main goals within the last few decades as shown through the recently expired Millennium Development Goals and the subsequent Sustainable Development Goals. Poverty, in turn, is influential as high poverty causes worse health outcomes within a country. Poverty severely affects several aspects of quality of life, such as health, happi ness. This makes it important to evaluate the quality of life within a country. Poverty and Inequality have been linked togetherRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesPoverty in America is severe. One third of our population lives under the poverty line. The poverty line being a family of three or more surviving on $36,000 or less. This transfers to 20.5 million people. Seven million of these people being women with children. 6.7% of our population has an income less than 9,000 for a family of three. These numbers are astounding and they are only on the rise. This means that more families are going without food. This means more children are starving and gettingRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1501 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals in poverty face their own problems and cope with them in their own way. People in poverty may face problems with their health and well-being (Fauth, Leventhal, and Brooks-Gunn 250). They may not be able to afford medical care, and the environments of poverty could contribute to poor health or injury. Also, poverty leads to a lack of resources which causes a lack in development (Broosky, O’Campo, and Aronson 660). Without the same resources as others, people may not be as well off. TheyRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty831 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty line is a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards. Generally, a person who falls below this line is without any basic needs like food, shelter, clothing etc. Every government strives to reduce the number of poor people in the country. The poverty line should be defined in such a way that no needy person is left out. Around the world, in rich or poor nations, poverty has always been present. It’s a very important tool inRead MoreInequality Between Poverty And Poverty1139 Words   |  5 Pageslast two decades in ending the terms of inequalities an d poverty. Many countries are determined to improve their economy, and become fully developed just like the United States. In my home country, Kuwait, poverty do not exist, however, inequalities do. Some of the countries that have done well in the recent past include China, India, Brazil, and South Korea. However, poverty and inequalities are still being realized in the wealthy nation. Poverty and inequalities in the society are the two main factorsRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Middle Class1454 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is visible anywhere and it happens everywhere, from the richest nations to the poorest. From the youth to the elderly, poverty can dramatically affect anyone. Some grow up in poverty, while others end up in it. Poverty has increased drastically over the years. The blame for the increased poverty has become an extremely controversial subject, as there are many contributing factors to spite each side. It is evident that it is the people in poverty themselves that is the underlying cause ofRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Between Poverty And Poverty1654 Words   |  7 PagesFifty years after the declaration of war on poverty, an increasing number of children still grow up in poverty in this country. Poverty is now more determinative than race as a predictor of student educational success (Reardon, 2013). The achievement gap between the poor and the more economically advantaged child has actually widened over the last three decades (Reardon, 2013). If we are to provide all children with equal and excellent educational opportunities, it is imperative that we utilize theRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculateRead MoreThe Relationship between Poverty and Crime879 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Poverty and the relationship it has to crime is a long standing sociological, humanists and historical phenomenon. From the plight of the third world to the violence soaked inner city streets of the 1980’s, the relationship of crime and poverty has been the source of a great deal of social commentary. In societies throughout the world and throughout history there has always been a traditional measure of deviance through relative income gaps. Both poverty and crime as well as theirRead MoreRelationship Between Poverty And Crime Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between poverty and crime will be examined in this literature review. The topic is interesting because there is a relationship between poverty and crime. Society uses a system that separates people by social class. Social class is determined by the total amount of income and wealth that a person has. According to Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner (2013), a person’s living expenses and needs are not met du e to the lack of proper wages would be considered living in poverty; the year 2009 a

Marketing on the marketing research department Free Essays

It is to be recalled that at the meeting of the Board of Directors of Company X held on 30 June, 2006, approval was given for the establishment of a Marketing Research Department. This decision was finally taken after several presentations were made to the Board to that effect.   The newly created department was charged with the following responsibilities: a. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing on the marketing research department or any similar topic only for you Order Now Determine how various customer groups are reacting to present marketing mixes of company X b.Evaluate the effectiveness of operational marketing mixes c.Create new marketing mixes for new customer markets d.Assess changes in the external environment and the effect they would have on product and service strategy e.Identify new market   (a to e are after McDaniel and Gates, 1999) f.Assess present relationships with external marketing agencies with the view to making them stronger. This report presents the current and potential problems confronting our organization from the perspective of marketing and how the newly created department intends to solve them. It also considers new opportunities that have been thrown up since the creation of the department and how it intends to take advantage of them. The marketing department also plans to recruit additional staff. The new staff shall be given an orientation to enable better cope with our style of working. Details of the marketing research process have been given in Appendix 1. IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS As with most start-up departments, the newly created marketing research department has no past records to guide its work. The only available records are those from our relationships with external marketing agencies. They cover mostly farmed out work from our organization. As a baby trying to walk, we anticipate to encounter difficulties but shall learn as we crawl forward. The department is seriously understaffed, so additional staff must be recruited to enable it discharge its assigned responsibilities. The new staff members would be given an orientation to enable them cope with our unique style of working. The department would also have to put in place expanded information systems to cope with the additional responsibilities assigned to it. Such systems would enable us handle the data that we collect and analyze effortlessly. There is also the need to put up in-house facilities for focus-group work and telephony research. IDENTIFIED OPPORTUNITIES It is estimated that about over One billion people use the internet worldwide (Business week, 2005). Available reports indicate that this figure shall increase in future. This is a big opportunity for our company, if we can identify our customers and offer them tailor-made goods and services. Some of the market segments of our company are presently underserved. There is the need to accurately identify them and map out strategies to fully serve them. New markets have also opened up in other countries and regions that we must adequately research and go after. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS We shall have to develop discussion guide book for our focus group work and also a manual on the research process orientation. Five additional staff shall be recruited for our in-house research work. Of the staff employed two with a background information technology and electronic business or commerce shall be needed for our web-based businesses. Materials shall also be procured for our in-house focus group work. New Information systems shall be purchased to seamlessly weave data output from the different departments with that of marketing research. From our customer research studies, we shall be better placed to take advantage of the opportunities that have risen up online.   It is our goal to match the enormous opportunity online with the strength of our new staff members, with the background in electronic business or commerce.   The business and marketing plans shall provide details on how new emerging markets shall be entered into and existing ones developed. The plans shall also outline ways and means of forging solid relationships with marketing agencies and other stakeholders. Conclusion It is our wish that if these measures are implemented, we shall not only see a vibrant marketing research department but also the kind that contributes enormously to our company’s bottom line results. Appendix 1 THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS McDaniel and Gates (1999) have outlined an eight stage procedure for conducting marketing. These are: a.Problem or opportunity identification and formulation b.Creation of research design c.Selection of research methodology d.Selection of sampling procedure e.Collection of data f.Analysis of data g.Preparation and writing of report h.Follow up a.Problem or opportunity identification During this stage attempt is made to identify the problem at stake or the opportunity to be taken advantage of. Attempt is also made to grasp the scope of the problem and also the opportunity. The information needed in solving the problem and the way and manner it should be obtained is also determined.   After having grasped the scope of the problem or opportunity, the research objectives are outlined. It must be stressed that it is essential for the problem under investigation to be thoroughly understood as the other subsequent stages rest on this stage. b.Creation of research design At this stage, the researcher devises a plan or an approach for answering the research question. In doing so, the researcher must opt for an approach that is cost-effective and also provide the highest possible information for decision making. C.Selection of research methodology There are essentially three major methods for carrying out marketing research. These are surveys, observation and experiment. At this stage therefore the research should select one or a combination of them to collect the information needed. d.Selection of sampling procedure A sample is a subset of the population the researcher is interested in. At this stage therefore, the researcher decides on which members of the target population should be used for the research†¦ The researcher must determine whether he would give each and every member of the target population equal opportunity to participate in the research or only a select few shall be used. e.Collection of data This stage entails the collection of the information that the researcher is interested in.   This can be interviewing, survey questionnaire, and observation. The researcher can decide to collect the information himself or ask other persons to do so on his behalf. f.Analysis of data The data collected is analyzed at this stage to give meaning to it. From the analysis, it makes it possible for the researcher to interpret the results and offer recommendations and conclusion g.Preparation and writing of report. The analyzed and interpreted data must be communicated to the desired audience in a report. Since the objective of this stage   is to give understanding to what the researcher has found, the report was be tailored to needs of the audience. h.Follow-up At this stage, the researcher seeks to find out whether the results and recommendations made in a report have been used and also what has been the outcome of it AReferences 1.Businessweek (2005). The Future of Tech, Businessweek ,20th June edition. McDaniel, C. and Gates, R. (1999). Contemporary Marketing Research, South-Western College Pub How to cite Marketing on the marketing research department, Essays

Multi-Narrative Essay Example

Multi-Narrative Essay How Collins portrays Victorian attitudes will also be examined in this essay. Not much Is revealed about MISS. Clack In any of the narratives apart from hers. Collins gives her a voice for a specific reason. Through her he can criticism the other characters without criticizing them directly and this gives more depth to the novel. In Footbridges first narrative we learn very little about Miss. Clack but his narrative introduces us to the character of Miss. Clack. As we know very little about her it creates a sense of suspense, as she becomes another part of the puzzle of who stole he Diamond. In her narrative we get an Insight to what Miss. Clack Is really like. She Is shown to have a curious nature, as she says, l waited for a minute or two, more than a minute or two. This is said when Miss. Clack is considering who had entered the house. Because of her curiosity and suspicion, the reader Is also curious and suspicious. What Miss. Clack discovered was Geodesys proposal to Rachel. If Collins had not set the style as a multi-narrative structure then this important piece of information would not have been revealed to us. No other character Is as curious as Goodbye than Clack, so she Is the only one who found out about his proposal. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-Narrative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-Narrative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-Narrative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She also keeps enquiring throughout the narrative about the secret which Rachel and Mr.. Brief hold. This makes the reader suspicious as to what information is being withheld from Clack. We also find out more about Victorian attitudes due to the multi-narrative structure, as each character has their own views on events, and the reader can see how different classes treat the same events. MISS. Clack Is born of a higher class, and this Is shown by her arrogance and It can be seen that she Is also stuck In her class spite the poorer circumstances at the point when she is writing. She wants to be accepted by the upper classes and does not want to be downgraded. She moves to a little town and her excuse for this is for economys sake. People in Victorian times saw class as an important matter, and they would strive to be in the best circles they could possibly be in. This Is why Clack Justifies her move, as she does not want people to tank seen NAS move Tort toner reasons, sun as a lack AT money . Nils snows she is prepared to Justify and maybe change details to Justify events or actions. Clack is also very religious as she reinforces her statements with religious words. My sacred regard for truth is This suggests she is very religiously minded, as were most Victorians of that day and age, who thought there main aim should be getting to heaven. She is strictly religious, and her strictness is also portrayed in her narrative. She had a strict routine and liked to keep things ordered, and not vary them. In the same order, same place, even the same chair. This sho ws Clack has a very disciplined way of doing things, meaning her account is useful for giving us the right vents in the right order. Sergeant Cuffs narrative is set out in Just the way the reader would expect a detective to write. He gives his opinions and thoughts about the theft of the Diamond along with an explanation of why he believes what he believes what he believes. He backs up his explanation with evidence. He believed Goodbye was killed by being smothered with a pillow from his bed, as he was found with the pillow of the bed over his face. Although this seems trivial it is an underlying principle of his personality. He feels the need to explain every event that happened and not Just state what happened. This is what makes the reader believe Sergeant Cuff must be right as he explains his views, unlike some of the characters. Cuffs intellectualism is also shown in his narrative along with his Just views, which makes the reader inclined to trust his Judgment. Sergeant Cuffs narrative is important as it shows how Collins has made him very inquisitive. He says l shall endeavourer showing he is interested in finding out more. It is this inquisitiveness that sets off a widespread detective-fever amongst the other characters, victims and suspects alike. This fever spreads from Franklin Blake, to Gabriel Bettered, to Matthew Brief, to Mr.. Marguerite, to the three Indians and widens the net of suspicion, the opposite of what is trying to be achieved. Cuff makes many predictions as to what has happened, although not all of them have solid evidence. When writing about who committed the murder, he puts, There is here moral if not legal evidence that the murder was committed by the Indians. As it is not legal evidence, the reader is not totally sure if it was the Indians who committed the crime, and this brings a sense of suspense, as the crime may have been committed y someone other than the Indians. Here Collins is trying to show equality and there should not be a prejudice against the Indians. Just because they are different it doesnt make them inferior and have different morals, meaning they are prepared to steal. The sense of suspense is maintained throughout the novel due to the multi-narrative structure. Where one narrative ends and the sense of mystery seems to have settled down a new narrative begins and a new sense of mystery is brought about. Using character who hadnt played a role in the previous narrative, suspense is kept throughout the novel. A new perspective on the mystery is given in each narrative Ana Day ten time ten reader NAS Decode accustomed to one perspective, ten next perspective begins and constant suspense is achieved throughout the novel. Ezra Jennings narrative is set out differently from the rest as it is comprised of extracts from his Journal. This means that everything he writes in there he believes to be the truth. Because of the multi-narrative structure some of the narratives could have an altered version of the truth and might not give an accurate view of the occurring events, leading the reader astray. Jennings has an outsider role in the evolve as he is the doctors assistant and because he is associated with medicine he is not popular, as the Victorians were suspicious of the medical profession. Collins tries to show everybody should be accepted throughout the play and this is finalized with the outsider character being the one to solve the mystery. This is also shown as Roseanne, one of the maids, is an outsider but she plays a large role in the novel and Collins also tries to create sympathy for her. Jennings was the character who was mainly responsible for solving the mystery of the Diamond through scientific nature, which can be compared to forensic evidence. The Moonstone was the first novel to explore forensic science and it showed how at this point of the Victorian era, they were advancing in the new science of criminology. Collins purposely makes the detective expert (Sergeant Cuff fail in solving the mystery while the scientific man (Ezra Jennings) succeeds. This shows Collins could have been making the point that the Victorians were now starting to put more and more faith into science, although they still were suspicious about it. Bettered says Jennings has a medical enterprise. This proves that he is a scientific man and the other characters can see that. Jennings also accepts he is a scientific man, showing it is proud to be so in the eyes of the Victorians. He says Science sanctions my proposal, fanciful as it may seem. Jennings is the one who introduces the idea of the opium causing Franklin Blake to act to take the Diamond. He explains that Franklin was not in his right mind when he took it, and was in a state of sleep-walking. Because Flakes mind was on the Diamond when he went to sleep the opium made him concentrate on this when it took effect. However because people were suspicious at the time of medical practice Jennings did not voice his opinion straight away. Jennings is introduced as a mystery to us, and all we know is that he is Dry. Candys assistant. This creates suspense as he has been mentioned in the other narratives as well but the reader is still suspicious of him as they know little about him. Gradually Collins presents more of him, and the reader finds out Jennings is part English and part Indian. Jennings holds a mysterious place at the heart of both worlds, Just like he is at the heart of the novel. His experiment on Franklin Blake reveals the suspicion the English had against the three Indians should be returned upon them, as in the end it is one of their own, Goodbye Blithest, who played the major role in the crime. I believe using multiple voices had the desired effect that Collins wanted it to. It created suspense throughout the novel and a feeling that nothing was definitive and anything could change to alter the path of the novel. This technique especially works in a detective novel as details are crucial and if these details are mixed, which is done using multiple voices then a lot of suspense and uncertainness is caused.

MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net The WritePass Journal

MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net Introduction MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games) and their rise across the net IntroductionNetwork ServerOperating Systems Game Playing SoftwareReferencingRelated Introduction MMOGs are an abbreviation for Massively Multiplayer Online Game. This is a video game which is capable of supporting hundreds and thousands of players interacting with this running video. Gaming platforms have become diverse and a universal game environment is supported. MMOGs require specific hardware and software to play and be a part of these online games. Firstly a Personal Computer (PC), keyboard, mouse, screen, graphics card, sound card, speakers, head sets, a suitable operating system, sufficient RAM, a hard disk needs to be present. If required, joysticks can also be used to play these games for the best gaming experience.   The operating system (OS) is a key requirement needed in all PCs to play a MMOG. The hardware connects to the BIOS which is connected to the OS connecting the low level machine code to the application software which is high level language such as JAVA and COBOL. Consequently connection to the graphics driver, gaming code then straight to the virtual world it is connected to. The OSI model is responsible for effective communication of data through each layer on the PC and the servers machine.   Therefore when a user is playing a game the data will flow from the gateway server to the log in or zone server to the world server into the database which is where the data for MMOG is stored. MMOGs can be played by it connection to a game server. A game server is a remotely or locally run server used by game clients to play MMOGs or video games. Most video games played over the Internet operate via a connection to a game server usually via different networks connected through cables, tracks and busses from the motherboard to the gaming server. A user will connect to a MMOG using an internet connection where the user’s actions will be sent to and retrieved by a server which then calculated a new game state and send this back through the linked connection   to the player, with the series of actions repeating. Furthermore, as multi-platform game technology continues to grow, this allows one game to be played in a different platform concurrently, as advances in the development of distributed game server including the less popular listen server technology is necessary to support large numbers of parallel game including their users safely when playing online. MMOGs, in which large numbers of users play a game in the same virtual gaming world, is a big field of heavy server loads due to game event handling, this leads to problems of latency server, client packet loss. This graph shows the amount of MMOGs have been subscribed to since 1997. It shows that more and more people are becoming attracted to playing MMOGS up until 2008 as the graph does not go any further. The most popular game that is shown is World of Warcraft with over ten million subscribers to the game. Personal Computer or Console As online gaming enters the mainstream, system requirements of the personal computer (PC) are moving tremendously in performance. The key issue is that online gamine needs to meet the growing necessities of gamers and online gaming membership. In order to facilitate this, games must have a powerful processor to maximise the game playing experience. The processors role is vital to any computer as it manages the entire system for example where to start and stop executing commands inputted by the user. The processor will fetch data needed by the instruction commanded by the user and returning this processed instruction after execution, then again fetching instructions inputted for example the user loads a game. Consequently after the control unit has fetched, executed and decoded an instruction the program counter holds the address of the next instruction within the memory for example the user has clicked on start game after loading the game. The instruction pointer keeps track of where in the program the instruction has reached. in a system starting from input from a joystick for example into the memory where it is processed and stored if needed with the necessary output given in the form of for example moving 3d images on the screen. The processor manages multiple roles as it carries out many instructions and thus becomes complex for running the operating system (OS) (1), the web browser or the downloaded Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG).Therefore the better the processor the faster the quality/ performance when playing a MMOG without any pauses and halts. The latest Intel i7 2.8 GHz processor containing 8 cores for 8 way multi-tasking and an L3 Cache which delivers top class performance during game playing. Random access memory (RAM) is used to temporarily store the applications used to play the MMOGS allows reading and writing to be carried out. RAM is volatile memory as when there is no power sourced to the RAM, data cannot be retained(1). The highest amount of RAM available is 8GB DDR3, continually expanding. Hence the more RAM the more available space the PC has to store the current game being played. The hard disk, secondary memory can be used to store a game or the application needed to play the game. This uses sequential access which contains rotating disks (3). It works by looking up data needed to be processed from the game players input processing this data from the calculations made in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and saves it in the cache which is a high temporary storage place that makes and answers requests. The hard disks capacity can now increase up to 1terabtye within newer PC’s. The GPU forms the core of the graphics card that usually sits inside a slot on the motherboard(10) but sometimes it is pre integrated into the motherboard. It roles and responsibilities for processing images, creating the picture displayed by the monitor for example the 3d moving images in MMOGs. The GPU is a specialised processor that runs calculations of advanced image processing especially 3D Graphics(2). The GPU contains a separate processing unit as it stores images before displaying them. The graphics card is able to allocate slots when viewing 3D scenes for instance in MMOGs similar to the CPU where it can process data for example dual core processors which can carry out two instructions at the same time. The GPU enables a third processor to process its own data speeding up operations such as playing games which are wholly based on images, 3d images and moving images within the computer for example speeding up the sequence of the images played from the game(2). The GPU talks to the frame buffer to designate parts of memory used to store images before viewing it. RAM DAC, random access memory digital to analogue coveter converts the digital images stored in the frame buffer into analogue, which is then sent to the screen to be displayed. The GPU also contains BIOS similar to the CPU, which loads when the computer starts(2). The interface connects the graphics card to the motherboard requiring high broadband necessary for displaying video clips and 3d images within games(2). The basic sound card is printed on the circuit board, which uses analogue to digital AC DC converter and a PIC interface card to connect to the motherboard and input output connectors for microphone and speakers(6). The sound card enables sounds to be heard from the speakers or gaming headset for audible effects when playing MMOG’s creating different moods and scenes. The screen often referred to as a monitor, where by the display is the most common form of used output, with feedback in the form of text and graphical images used to view the game when it is being played(5). Most desktop screens use liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. For an ultra-sharp Display when playing games the TFT active matrix 24in – Widescreen, with a Max Resolution of 1920 x 1200, Colour Support of 16.7 million colours. Other output devices include speakers and a gaming 2.4GHz head set. The function of a keyboard as an input device where people can type, inputting data, use shortcuts to control many programmes, access menus also games(7). The keyboard also includes control keys providing cursor and screen control which is needed to play many MMOGs for example using the left, right, up and down arrows(7). There are many types of mice an input device; the main ones include a mechanical scroll mouse, optical mouse and a track ball mouse(8). A laser point mouse which uses light-emitting diodes (LED) or laser as a way of tracking movements is the most common enabling MMOGs to be played easier due to its swift broad movements making game playing easier as there is no wire attached.  Ã‚   Other mice include of foot mouse for disabled people, joystick mouse for gamers and a touch pad mouse. Lastly a common input device, the joystick which helps gamers to truly personalise their gaming and flight stimulation experiences. This includes a dual throttle lever for control of a multi-engine aircraft, twisted axes, adjustable hat switches, scroll buttons and trigger buttons to enable MMOGs to be played in a variety of ways making them more interesting. Many of these input and output devices can have an interface with PCs by serial ports and USB. Network Server A game server is a remotely run or a locally run server which can be used by gamers to play MMOGs. Most games that are played over the internet function by having a connection to a game server. Thus online game ply is impacted bythe network characteristics of players that are at one time connected to the game server. Many online games allow a choice from a wide range of servers available. This is the case for many MMOGs as users can run their own servers allowing players to connect from anywhere on the internet. This is known as a listen server, a dedicated server also exists. These are the two types of servers used to play MMOGs. Listen servers are peer to peer servers which run on the same PC as the gamer client. When the gamer disconnects this server is shut down because the server and the host client are run symmetrically. This means that the game must be transferred to another player or end completely which is not preferred on a big server as the host needs to either stay online wasting slots in the server and computer power possibly slowing the game or ending the game for all other players. Due to the small processing size listen servers will also not be able to handle the client’s game, server processing and the hack detection as it is difficult to function correctly without the required processing power. Although they are easy to set up by simply creating a new game then allowing players to join. Also the user only requires one PC in contrast to a dedicated server that either allows client to host the server or play a game. The client cannot physically do both unless there is a second PC/ machin e. Dedicated servers are client to peer which run independently of the clients. They are set up on a separate PC which is often hosted in a data centre. This means that they will have a high processor for high amounts of processing and high bandwidth as it does not need to share a CPU with the players game. In general dedicated servers are the preferred method of hosting game servers for most PC based MMOGs. It is beneficial to those who demand more control, the freedom to install multiple games onto the server. Due to its general processing ability it can then support a huge number of players at the same time. Network Connection What level of network quality service should be provided to maintain a satisfactory gaming experience? The network has a huge impact on MMOGs. Having a reliable network connection means that players are able to log onto a network online which is available and use the services provided such as playing games buying game subscriptions etc. Without a network connection MMOGs cannot be played. Kuan et al have found that network delay and network loss significantly affect a players willingness to continue playing a game. MMOGs depend upon the network connection for their operation on the speed and reliability of this network connection. Firstly bandwidth which is the average rate of successful data transfer through a communications path which is usually measured in kilobits and megabits per second. The more bandwidth available more data can be transferred through the Ethernet cable for playing MMOGs. In contrast latency is delay, the amount of time it takes a packet to travel from its source to its destination. A low latency network connection will experience small delays whereas playing a MMOG on a high latency network connection will generally be prone to more delays which can be expressed in mili seconds. One way which latency can be measured is small packets of miniature data (32 bytes) is sent to the host and the round time trip (RTT), the time it takes for the packet to leave the sourced address travels to its destination and sent back is then measured. When playing MMOGs the more bandwidth ava ilable more data will be transferred during a second speeding up game play. Also the less the latency the less delay it will take for each pat of the game to be displayed without pauses and stops. Thus the combination of latency and bandwidth gives the user a perception of how quickly the game can be played and necessary data transformed. Server packet loss rate is also another factor that affects speed and reliability of a network connection in MMOGs. This concerns the loss of ratio packets sent from the game server to the player which credits for added latency before state updates or game messages are presented on the screen to the players. Client packet loss rate concerns the loss ratio of packets sent to the game server by players which credits for added latency before a players commands can be handled by the game server as loss detection and recovery cost precious time. This general diagram shows the process when playing MMOGs in real time. The client is playing a game and their actions are received by the server and it then calculates the game state, which is then sent, then the server again does new actions which is received by the server and it then calculates the new game state, thus sending this new game state back to the pc and this cycle continues until the user has finished playing the game. In more detail MMOGs often use distributed servers which are required to support a large number of concurrent games. The data is sent from the user to the gateway server which passes on the information to the zone or login server which then goes to the world sever connecting to the database of the game that is being played, the new data is then sent back through these severs back to the user’s PC. This data is sent using the CPU or the micro-processor which connected to all the elements of the computers components for example the games input and output elements via cables and he bus which is a sub system used for the transfer of data between the different computer components and the networks which enable the PC to connect to the gaming server(1). This is called Serial Advanced Technology Attachment(5). The busses are highly flexible as they can become external busses, in connecting different machines together such as connecting to the game server. The communication between the server and the game client can be divided into three main sections. This figure provides an outline of the architecture which illustrates the physical and logical layout of the game application and the communications legitimized between the server and the game clients. The data access layer within extracts the database from the application allows the systems to retrieve data representing objects in the database. The application layer system features implemental of users, online games, game modes, game states etc. Lastly the presentation layer which consists of HTML and java scrip, basic page templates and display, dynamic views of the system are presented to the user. Operating Systems Game Playing Software An operating system (OS) can be said to be a system software which is responsible for direct control and managing of input, output hardware and basic system operations. In addition it is a foundation upon which the application software such as web browsers and gaming software can be run. A operating system that can be used to play games on is Windows 7 a 64 bit operating system. The role of the OS is to manage the hardware and software resources and interact with the data and its presentation. OS process management ensures that for example if the game is being played it receives sufficient process time for the expert functioning also states that the processor is used to its optimum capacity. OS storage management allocates the relevant or necessary memory space for the game application and its connected hardware in the one of the different available memories for effective and optimum processing of information. OS device management manages input output devices, programs with device drivers conjoined with the OS controls the flow of information with allocation of system resources to ensure correct input and output from for example the joystick. Lastly the OS user interface provides a consistent way of communication between the user and the game being played for example if one was playing the game in real time efficient communication would be needed to be prese nt. A general game server needs a kernel 2.0.24 or better and a good OS for example Linux. Linux is a good in distributed networking game servers. This is because it gives incredible performance to host the games compared to bulky terminals. Also it is thus possible to customise it to the hardware and load requirements of the game which is being hosted as it uses a user friendly kernel configuration file as well as the full source availability for this kernel. The Linux OS system resources receive sufficient processing time and the processor being used to its optimum capacity when hosting a game. It can also manage input and output well including managing the data to host the game extremely well. The game playing software can both be bought and downloaded online, or from a shop where by the games software will be present on a cd. This software is then installed on a PC ready for the gamer to play. It interacts with the data from the internet as it established a connection with the server and the OS along with the internet can transmit and receive data which is then converted from binary data into a high level language that the PC understands such as java, COBOL. This language is then then transferred into graphical moving images which the user can interpret and understand and continue to play the game for example the user will know if he has been shot or he has killed a person. The game servers use specialised software of the game which the server is dedicated to although it will contain different data as in order to run a game on a game server it has to be able to host games etc. which normal game playing software cannot do. The game servers game software interacts with data similarly via the internet by establishing a connection with a sever which then can connect to a player and thus the game can be successfully played. The game server is a distinct process, usually upon a different machine, which retains information on whichever virtual world it supports at that particular time. It converses with the game clients used by the players to retain global information about joint locations, player interaction. For example, each player will have different window into their joint virtual location depending on where they are in the game. The scenes accessible to the players must be consistent so if one player changes the state of an object for example, that objec t must exist for all the other players and be in the same state. Although Presentation does not need to be considered as the gamers do not see what goes on inside a gaming server although those who maintain gaming servers need the data to be available in a readable form so that with their technical knowledge they can successfully manage the game server. The games engine works by the operating system loading the game server onto its system including the graphic drivers. The server connects to the network code and other instances of the game. This then connects to the gaming code for example a high level language then connecting to the virtual worlds where many players can play the MMOG. Conclusion Online games have continued to increase in popularity, with the MMOGs being played over a type of computer network connected to the internet starting with the basic hardware, this needs to be up to date with the latest hardware installed in the pc for example keyboards, joysticks need to be compatible with the game that is being played. For the best gaming experience a NVIDIA graphics card which has its own separate processor, a good quality sound card with speakers are needed. This increase in popularity of online gaming has resulted to the huge growth of the internet, different network connections are now available, these include peer to peer and client server architectures which enables anyone with a connection to the network, internet is able to play a MMOG and interact even in real time with other players due to the high processing ability on servers networks are now able to support many millions of players. Although bandwidth and better network connections are increasing and have become present in the busses and cables this does not mean that the network connection is completely reliable. Due to the millions of clients connection to a game or several games at different times this can still lead to problems of latency where packets take longer to reach their destination so this could bring about small pauses in the MMOG. Also some locations such as remote locations may receive less bandwidth which then in turn affects the game as the game play will decrease especially if it is in real time as this data travels from the user, to the log in server, zone server, and world server to the databases. MMOGs require the OSI mode to function in which the important parts, the data access layer executes the database from the MMOG application. Following the application layer features implementations of clients, game modes etc. as lastly the presentation presents the displays and dynamic views of the game to clients. Therefore as technology grows the scope for playing MMOGs increases as better facilities are provided and are constantly developing to do so. 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Proceedings of SPIE, pp.681808-681808-12. www.link.aip.org/link/PSISDG/v6818/i1/p681808/s1Agg=doi [Accessed: 30/03/2011] (13) Fritsch, T., 2005. The Effect of Latency and Network Limitations on MMORPGs ( A Field Study of Everquest2 ). Computer, pp.1-9. (14)   Glinka, F. et al., High-Level Development of Multiserver Online Games. International Journal of Computer Games Technology, 2008, pp.1-17. www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcgt/2008/327387.html   [Accessed: 30/03/2011 ] (15)   Huang, P., 2009. Effect of Network Quality on Player Departure Behavior in Online Games. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 20(5), pp.593-606. www.ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=4591393   [Accessed: 30/03/2011] (16) Lim, J. et al., 2006. A Dynamic Load Balancing for Massive Multiplayer Online Game Server. Ifip International Federation For Information Processing, pp.239 249. (17)   Putzke, J. 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Why Journalism Ethics and Objectivity Matter

Why Journalism Ethics and Objectivity Matter Recently a journalism student from the University of Maryland interviewed me about journalism ethics. He asked probing and insightful questions that made me really think about the subject, so Ive decided to post his queries and my answers here. What Is the Importance of Ethics in Journalism? Because of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the press in this country is not regulated by the government. But that makes journalistic ethics all the more important, for the obvious reason that with great power comes great responsibility. One need only look to cases where journalistic ethics have been breached - for example, fabulists like Stephen Glass or the 2011 phone-hacking scandal in Britain - to see the implications of unethical news practices. News outlets must regulate themselves, not only to maintain their credibility with the public, but also because they run the risk of the government attempting to do so. What Are the Biggest Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Objectivity? Theres often a lot of discussion about whether journalists should be objective or tell the truth, as if these were contradictory goals. When it comes to discussions like these, a distinction must be made between issues in which a quantifiable kind of truth can be found and issues in which there are gray areas. For instance, a reporter might do a story surveying statistics about the death penalty in order to discover whether it acts as a deterrent. If the statistics show dramatically lower homicide rates in states with the death penalty, then that might seem to indicate that it is indeed an effective deterrent or vice versa. On the other hand, is the death penalty just? Thats a philosophical issue thats been debated for decades, and the questions it raises cant really be answered by objective journalism. For a journalist, finding the truth is always the ultimate goal, but that can be elusive. Has the Concept of Objectivity Changed Since the Start of Your Career in Journalism? In recent years the idea of objectivity has been derided as a fixture of the so-called legacy media. Many of the digital pundits argue that true objectivity is impossible, and that therefore journalists should be open about their beliefs and biases as a way of being more transparent with their readers. I disagree with this view, but its certainly one that has become influential, especially with newer online news outlets. As a Whole, Do You Think Journalists Still Prioritize Objectivity? What Are Journalists Doing Right and Wrong Today, in Regards to Objectivity? I think objectivity is still valued at most news outlets, particularly for the so-called hard news sections of newspapers or websites. People forget that much of a daily newspaper consists of opinion, in editorials, arts and entertainment reviews and the sports section. But I think most editors and publishers, and readers for that matter, still value having on impartial voice when it comes to hard news coverage. I think its a mistake to blur the lines between objective reporting and opinion, but thats certainly happening, most notably on the cable news networks. What Is the Future of Objectivity in Journalism? Do You Think the Anti-Objectivity Argument Will Ever Win Out? I think the idea of impartial reporting will continue to have value. Certainly, the anti-objectivity proponents have made inroads, but I dont think objective news coverage is going to disappear anytime soon.

Negative impacts of tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Market Research for Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

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How the Environment Effects Food and Supply

How the Environment Effects Food and Supply Introduction The purpose of this report is to discuss the current state of food and environment in the field of natural resources like soil, ocean, climate and melting glaciers and their affects. By examining a range of academic articles in summary books, newspaper articles and internet sites on the topic of food and environment, this report states the situation of natural resources, environment pollution, over development and some global phenomenon caused by global worming and melting glaciers. The report then considers the further development and global worming, melting glaciers effect on food and environment. Floods and droughts In the beginning of this essay, the issue of how environmental disasters impact food will be discussed. It is clear that our Mother Earth is getting hotter, with the effect of global warming. It is because of Greenhouse effect which is due to the massive and rapid development of several industries from developing countries. It was proved that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased from 316 ppm in 1958 to 385 ppm in 2008 (Kirkham 2011, p.370). It has worsened the issue of melting glaciers; which, in turn, causes flooding and droughts over many areas in the world. The high percentage of glacier melting is the main reason of the rise of sea level which causes floods in over the world. Unexpected floods could impact seriously on crops growth, it can have a negative effect on the financial performance of farming as a result of crop damage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reduced crop and livestock yield and quality/condition (Thorne, Evans and Rowsell 2007, p.130). It means that flooding does not only affect the quantity but the quality of food source as well. For instance, a recent flooding that happened in 25th of August in 2012 in Burma after several weeks of continuously raining has driven eighty-five thousands of people homeless as well as more than two hundred thousand hectares of rice field have been swamped (The Guardian 2012). It was also expected to require a long time for the people and fields to recover. While there are countries that are struggling with floods, drought is also a problem in others because the weather changes wind patterns that moves cloud and humidity through the air that causes the imbalance in water distribution. Since May this year, North Korea has been suffering the most severe drought in 105 years which threatened to damage this countrys breadbasket, especially when this country has already experienced a critical lack of food. North Korean was also notified an estimate amount of 3.5 million people are with the risk of malnutrition and famine (The Telegraph 2012). Because of these destructions, it is possible that in the near future, countries using rice as a main food will have to face with a huge shortage of food, while Burma and North Korea are considered sources for rice suppliers. Furthermore, even if the amount of food could be sustained, its quality is unsure due to the pollution issues. Marine pollution Marine pollution can be traced back as early to the Roman times. Industrial waste, farm runoff and trash dumping into the oceans have caused much imbalance to the ecosystem in which many organisms thrive in. Despite many efforts made by eco-friendly organizations and campaigns to reduce pollution, it is still happening at a large scale. Pollution is essentially the introduction of harmful contaminants not part of a natural ecosystem. They may range from the man-made pollutants like chemicals, pesticide, industrial residue, oil, sewage, plastics and other solids. These contaminants end up contaminating not only the water in which much of the marine life live in but they also cause a disruption in the global food chain. When fish consume these contaminants, humans are simultaneously affected as they catch and eat the fish. Therefore, radioactive or poisonous contaminants may drastically harm us and as such pollution does affect us as much as it does the marine ecosystem. Excessive pollution may even cause any entire ecosystem to collapse and thus fishing may be near impossible once this happens. Fish will become scarce as an entire food chain will be broken beginning with water in the ocean being unsuitable for inhabiting. Oil spills Oil spills are usually the most common of all marine pollution. Much of it comes from spillage from large ships and vessels as well as oil rigs. In addition, drainages and rivers also transport oil into the oceans from cities and industry. As oils density is lesser than water, it usually stays at the surface which causes sea mammals and birds to be affected much more than fishes as it causes these animals to die when they drink the water or come out to the surface to die due to the toxins of the oil. Sewage disposal Another cause of pollution if sewage disposal. Much urban sewage that is dumped into the ocean is untreated or under treated. Sewage alone contains much bacteria and even diseases. Fishes may sometimes eat these sewage and the bacteria may then thrive in them. This affects us when we catch and later consume the fishes, causing the bacteria to then be transferred into our bodies. Aside from affecting us in that manner, humans may also be affected by the diseases in the water and beaches closures may occur. Toxic chemicals Toxic chemicals make up the bulk of marine pollution. Much of these toxic chemicals are dumped into the oceans deliberately despite much international laws banning such dumping. Accidental leakages from industries also cause these chemicals to disseminate through soil, water and through water vapour in the air. From the tiniest organisms in the ocean such as plankton to larger animals up the food chain like polar bears. They become affected by these chemicals as they are able to travel long distances through currents in the ocean. People, who are at the highest end of the food chain, end up consuming the highest chemical load as it is multiplied up the food chain. To conclude, our food is largely dependent on the physical environment that it comes from. Pollution causes much disarray to the purity and freshness of our food as it affects us directly once we eat them. Fish that has been tainted by toxins from chemicals may cause cancer, damage to immune systems, behavioral problems, reduced fertility and even death in extreme cases. Global warming and its effects on sea levels Global warming is causing a drastic problem to humans and their food source alike, namely fish, by causing alarming increases in sea levels. The cause of global warming is initiated by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is when the suns heat is trapped in the earths atmosphere when greenhouse gases cause it to be radiated back to earth. Normally, some heat from the sun is absorbed into the earths surface while the rest is radiated back to space. When humans burn fossil fuels like petroleum, natural gas and coal, they create excessive amounts of carbon dioxide which are the major components of greenhouse gases. When excessive heat is trapped in the earths atmosphere, this causes our earth to heat up beyond normal temperatures. This increase in temperature is causing ice caps on Mount Kilimanjaro and ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland to melt. When this happens, water levels will rise which will cause many problems which will upset the balance in nature. Cold water fish will not be able to survive as the water would be too warm. This would cause problems for people fishing them as a food source. Even coral reefs are dying as a result of the increase in water temperatures. This in turn could cause many species of fish who call it home to die which could in turn affect humans fishing for them. Another great drastic issue is raising water levels. Research has shown that low lying nations like the Maldives could be completely submerged should this occur. Such a rise would have a devastating impact on low-lying island countries, such as the Indian Oceans Maldives, which would be entirely subm erged. (Stefan Lovgren, 2004). Densely populated areas like Nile Delta and Bangladesh would become uninhabitable as well. Not only will fishing be difficult but people will have a greater problem at finding higher ground suitable for living. An imbalance in natures food chain would be caused by global warming that could drastically affect fishes as food source. As ice sheets melt in the Antarctic, the polar bears living would be adversely affected as the temperature would be increasingly too warm for them to live in. Polar bears are entirely dependent on sea ice, you lose sea ice, you lose polar bears. (Jay Malcolm, 2004). Hence, they may not be able to survive and the seal and sea lion population that would otherwise be controlled by the polar bears as part of their diet would multiply and overpopulation may occur resulting in many fishes being eaten and depleted. This depletion would be a negative factor for fisheries and human civilizations living in the northern hemisphere would have to then look for an alternative food source which would be difficult as their main source of protein and food are fish. Intrusion of sea water The rise in sea level also leads to the intrusion of sea water. As the development environment for rice crops is the fresh water, the increased salinity in soil can hinder rice growth and affect rice production. A study carried out by World Bank (2000) indicates that increased salinity alone from a 0.3 meter sea level rise will cause a net decrease of 0.5 million metric tons of rice production. Some low-lying deltas (which are the major rice crops in the world) of such river systems as the Ganges, the Mekong, the Nile, the Yellow, and so forth, have been affected by tidal wave. For example, as reported by FAO (1998), there were estimated amounts of 650,000 ha of saline soils along the coastal belt in the Mekong River Delta and 350,000 ha in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. The release of pesticides Water in lakes or rivers where the melting glacier flows through can be contaminated with pesticides. Some types of pesticides which contained harmful elements used to be used in agricultural production but they then were banned worldwide years ago. Most of the pesticides evaporated into the air and were finally trapped in layers of glaciers. Now, the rapid glacial melting is causing these hazardous chemicals to be released back into the environment, lakes, and rivers. For example, organochlorine is a type of pesticide having harmful contents. It was banned in entire USA due to its bad effects on humans health like leading to headache, dizziness, muscle weakness, or even cancer (Delaware Health and Social Services, 2010). This chemical, according to Blais (2001), shows an increase in one of the sub-alpine lakes in Canada. Such type of contamination can bring about negative impacts on the underwater ecology and creatures, while at the same time affects the source of water used for hum ans life as well as farming. Global Solution The only way to slow down glaciers melting is to slow global warming. The global greenhouse effects requires a global solution, which requires the participation of the entire global community. (Rogers, 2012) We only have one earth, the protection for it need all citizen take part in. Humankind has become dependent on burning fossil fuels to support our way of life, but it increases global warming at an unnatural rate. To restore the glaciers we need to utilize alternative energy sources, increase our energy efficiency and decrease our individual carbon output. (Rae, 2012) There are many alternative energy available. Solar panels are made up of solar cells that trap the heat from the sun and convert it into energy. Wind turbines are towers that use the kinetic energy from the wind to generate power. Biofuels such as ethanol can be produced in your back yard by fermenting and mixing vegetable, fruit and grain waste; ethanol is used to make biodiesel fuel, a clean burning fuel for diesel engines. Electric cars are battery-powered instead of relying of the highly polluting internal combustion engine. Tidal and wave power utilize the massive power of the ocean by harnessing the energy with generators placed on the ocean floor. (Rae, 2012) For individuals, try to take public transportation instead drive ourself; ride a bicycle if it helps; walk or jog to destination is also a good way to save time and strengthen body. Save power at home by taking shorter showers, recycling used water, turning off power for resting television, computers. Little things can make a big difference if done in a large scale, and theyll go a long way toward reducing carbon footprint and saving the glaciers, slow down other effects of global warming. Conclusion This report has stated the currently major effects that environment made to the food growth and supply. They are the field pollution due to over fertilization, unbalance of marine organism caused by over fishing, air pollution because of industrialization and urbanization. And even the melting glaciers which is a result of global warming has being a big concern: When we see melt in places that we havent seen before, at least in a long period of time, it makes you sit up and ask whats happening. said NASA chief scientist Waleed Abdalati. Its a big signal, the meaning of which were going to sort out for years to come. It is not only simply the food or the environment that we should think about, but also the connection between. More systematic development need to be considered by government, organizations and companies.

Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reaction

Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction March 20,2013 Amber McCollum Introduction Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships that exist among the reactants and products in chemical reactions To predict the amount of product produced in a precipitation reaction using stoichiometry, accurately measure the reactants and products of the reaction, determine the actual yield vs. the theoretical yield and to calculate the percent yield. The equation that will be used is: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) > BaSO4 (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) Method 1. Gather materials needed for experiment which included: a.Small test tube with lip b. Large beaker c. Small graduated cylinder d. Large graduated cylinder e. One 9in balloon f. Citric acid g. Sodium bicarbonate h. Sodium chloride 2. To start the experiment: * Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2. 2H2O(aq) a CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O * Put on your goggles. * Weigh out 1. 0 g of CaCl2Â ·2H2O and put it into the 100-mL beaker. Add 25 mL of distilled water and stir to form the calcium chloride solution. Use only distilled water since tap water may have impurities that interfere with the experiment.. Use stoichiometry to determine how much Na2CO3 you will need for a full reaction. Weigh the calculated amount of Na2CO3 and put it in a small paper cup. Add 25 mL of distilled water and stir to make a sodium carbonate solution. * Pour the sodium carbonate solution from the paper cup into the beaker with the calcium chloride solution. A precipitate of calcium carbonate will form instantly. * Use the following instructions to set up a filtration assembly. * Swirl the contents of the beaker to dislodge any precipitate from the sides. Then, while holding the filter paper in place and open, slowly pour the content of the beaker into the filter paperlined funnel.Be careful to not let the solution overflow the level of the filter paper while pouring. * Measure out 2 to 5 mL of distilled water into the graduated cylinder. Pou r this down the sides of the beaker, swirl, and pour into the filter paper-lined funnel. * After all the liquid has drained from the funnel, lay the filter paper containing the precipitate on folded layers of paper towels and put this someplace where it will not be disturbed while the filter paper and its contents air-dry. Depending upon the humidity in your area this might take several hours or days. When the filter paper and the precipitated calcium carbonate are completely dry weigh them, subtract the original weight of the empty filter paper, and record the net weight of the calcium carbonate. This is your actual yield of calcium carbonate. * Now calculate the percent yield, using your theoretical yield and actual yield. Make sure to show all stoichiometric calculations and all data in your lab report. Calculations Step 1: Convert 2 g of Ba(NO3)2 to moles of Ba(NO3)2 2 g Ba(NO3)2 x 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 = 0. 00765 moles Ba(NO3)2 261. 4 g Ba(NO3)2 Step 2: Consider the mole ratios of Ba( NO3)2 and CuSO4.The equation tells us that for 1 mole of Ba(NO3)2 we need 1 mole of CuSO4. Thus, since the mole ratio is 1:1, if we have 0. 00765 moles of Ba(NO3)2 we will need 0. 00765 moles of CuSO4. Step 3: Convert moles of CuSO4 to grams of CuSO4. 0. 00765 moles CuSO4 x 159. 6 g CuSO4 = 1. 22 g CuSO4 1 mole CuSO4 This means that we need 1. 22 g of CuSO4 to fully react with 2 g of Ba(NO3)2. Step 4: How much BaSO4 can we expect? The mole ratio between Ba(NO3)2 and BaSO4(s) is also 1:1. That means if we have 0. 00765 moles of Ba(NO3)2 we will also get 0. 00765 moles of BaSO4(s).Step 5: Convert the moles of BaSO4 to grams of BaSO4. 0. 00765 moles BaSO4 x 233. 4 g BaSO4 = 1. 79 g BaSO4 1mole BaSO4 Step 6: Double check our results by calculating the amount of Cu(NO3)2 (aq). We don’t really need to know the amount of Cu(NO3)2 (aq) for the experiment, but it helps us double check our other results. Since we know that the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of produc ts, we compute: 0. 00765 moles Cu(NO3)2 x 187. 55 g Cu(NO3)2 = 1. 43 g Cu(NO3)2 1 mole Cu(NO3)2 Thus, 2 g Ba(NO3)2 plus 1. 22 grams CuSO4, yields 1. 79 g BaSO4. plus 1. 43 g Cu(NO3)2.We can verify our results by comparing the total mass of reactants, 3. 22 g, with the total mass of products, also 3. 22 g. This tells us that all our calculations are correct and we can confidently use them. Step 7: Calculate the theoretical yield. From previous calculations we know that we started with 2 grams of Ba(NO3)2, and need 1. 22 grams of CuSO4 to complete the reaction from which we can expect a yield of 1. 79 grams of BaSO4. Yet this is only a theoretical yield, for we should realistically expect a little less due to expected experimental error such as some BaSO4 being lost as it passed through the filter paper.Step 8: Determine the actual yield and percent yield. After the reaction is completed and the precipitate has formed, we need to filter and dry the precipitate before we can weigh it. If we assume that after drying we have 1. 65 grams of BaSO4, then: The theoretical yield is 1. 79 grams of BaSO4. The actual yield is 1. 65 grams of BaSO4. The percent yield is 1. 65 g/ 1. 79 g x 100 = 92. 2%. Conclusion After the testing each known and unknown of the experiment, finding the ratio of the substances wasn’t very hard. The percentage of the unknown was 85. 8 %.

The Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth - 1355 Words

The Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth Biology II 1996 Bacteria are the most common and ancient microorganisms on earth. Most bacteria are microscopic, measuring 1 micron in length. However, colonies of bacteria grown in a laboratory petri dish can be seen with the unaided eye. There are many divisions and classifications of bacteria that assist in identifying them. The first two types of bacteria are archaebacteria and eubacteria. Both groups have common ancestors dating to more than 3 billion years ago. Archaebacteria live in environments where, because of the high temperature, no other life can grow. These environments include hot springs and areas of volcanic activity. They contain lipids but lack certain chemicals†¦show more content†¦This antibiotic acts by limiting normal protein synthesis. Streptomycin is effective against E. Coli, gram-negative bacilli, as well as many cocci. Neomycin an antibiotic derived from a strain of Streptomyces fradiae. Neomycin effectively destroys a wide range of bacteria. Kanamycin an antibiotic substance derived from Streptomyces kanamycetius. Its antibacterial action is very similar to that of neomycin. Kanamycin works against many aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli. Protracted use may result in auditory as well as other damages. Erythromycin is an antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces erythreaus. This antibiotic works by inhibiting protein synthesis but not nucleic synthesis. Erythromycin has inhibitory effects on gram-negative cocci as well as some gram-positive bacteria. Chloramphenicol is a clinically useful antibiotic in combating serious infections caused by certain bacteria in place of potentially hazardous means of solving the problem. In lab tests, it has been shown that this medicine stopped bacterial reproduction in a wide range of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. 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