Benthams Theory of Happiness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 994 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/22 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Happiness Essay Did you like this example? Human Nature and Nature has somewhat of a common goal and that goal is to find Happiness or to be Happy. Many may have differences when it comes to values that may contribute towards their happiness, meaning that not everyone has the same preference when it comes to that one thing or set of things that allow them to feel at peace and complete. Bentham gave a thought process on how one should really incorporate certain actions within their daily routines. Basically, he is stating that if you can feel, you can prevent and cure. THEORY OF VALUE The Theory of Value touches on different topics such as pain and pleasure, good and bad, Utility, and how should the value of something be measured. These topics revert to the main one which is Utility. By utility is meant that property in any object Bentham 1.3(2). Bentham is basically saying in the above quote that whatever you value the most should bring continuous happiness whether it is a person, place or thing. He then goes on to say the principle of utility. the tendency has to augment the happiness. greater than diminish it. Bentham 1.6 (3). Therefore, utility allows a person to make the correct decisions based on certain situations. The value of said utility can allow an individual to move accordingly. If the good outweighs the bad or the bad outweighs the good, a person will know to whom or what to give all of their attention to. This theory may also be looked at from the perspective of if the subject can feel pain or the question that Bentham asked Can they suffer? Bentha m 17.4 note (310). Bentham believed that once an object can show emotions, they should add a great value and be of priority. They should be protected from anything that may cause harm or pain. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benthams Theory of Happiness" essay for you Create order THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE Human Nature has people with different mindsets. According to Bentham, Human Nature is governed by pain and pleasure Bentham 1.1 (1-2). For Bentham, this is the base for all forms of decision making. He thought that everyone deserved to be secured from pain since it is seen as being evil. The business of government is to promote happiness.by punishing and rewarding Bentham 7.1(70). This shows that it is the duty of the government to protect its people and allow them to have happiness in the process. It can also go for everyone else other than just the government. When living in a community once someone has caused another pain without any form of sympathy, it should not go unpunished. Bentham brought light to this by using slaves as an example. He stated that no one has any rights of owning things that have any way of showing feelings. Bentham stresses the fact that we all have a duty to not cause harm or do evil. Human Nature is supposed to be sensible beings and should know how to treat not just only self but also those around us. Human Nature on a whole is subjected to moral duties, and together with those duties, there should be some form of sympathy shown towards each other. There should not be any kind of bias when it comes to showing sympathy. Human Nature is filled with sensitive individuals from human beings to animals, therefore, sympathy is a part of said duties. HOW OUGHT I TO ACT? Overall, Human Nature as stated above has a moral duty when it comes to how others should be treated. Bentham gave a small outline of what it should be. The three parts to said duty are as follows, Probity, Prudence, and Beneficence. The way that these words were placed according to the context, Probity means to not cause pain or harm to others. Prudence means that one has a duty to avoid causing pain to ones self. Beneficence means that one should be able to assist someone or to prevent pain from happening to others. He then continues on to give reasons under Beneficence. The first is to refrain or stay away from any harm, the second is to make an attempt to prevent the harm; one will choose to or choose not to carry out such an action if it is within your power to prevent it, and if it is too much of a ?sacrifice. With these in place, it gives a person some assistance in the choices that should be made. Bentham added that EthicsBentham 17.2-17.9 (310-314), plays a big part in the way situations are being handled. It is the way an activity is carried out towards the fulfillment of happiness. If something is going on one cannot just stand there and allow it to happen. Bentham gave different scenarios in Chapter 17 note (pg 323), A womans head-dress catches fire: water is at hand:a man looks on and laughs at it. What is being said is that if one can give any form of assistance to anyone who is in harms way, they should do it. This goes back to where he speaks about having sympathy and the moral duty of Human Nature. If the man assisted the woman with putting out the fire, he would be helping prevent any harm being done to her. The man would be performing the moral duty which is Beneficence. To sum it up, How ought I to act?, can be taken from the above theories. All these theories have a part to play in the main part of how every one should be treated. It should not matter whether one is in the government or in a lower class than others, all should be treated as an equal because of the fact that they can suffer. Utility, since having something of value is part of Human Nature, the moral duty will fall into place. By not causing harm to others or self, no one would feel pain and will always look forward to enjoying the pleasures of the things they value the most.

Poverty Between Poverty And Poverty - 1322 Words

Poverty has been a prevalent issue that has plagued the world’s economy for years, fortunately, global poverty rates seem to be declining . In order to understand why this decline is occurring, one must first understand levels of poverty. In an article published by The Economist they claims that there are different levels of poverty, they use extreme poverty (absolute poverty), and relative poverty as the two definitions . Extreme poverty refers to the world banks â€Å"poverty line†. In 2011 the â€Å"World Bank updated its international poverty line to USD $1.90 a day† . This means that any person living on less than USD $1.90 a day is considered to be living in extreme poverty, generally, individuals who live in the third world be more†¦show more content†¦The decline in global poverty rates can be attributed to economic factors such as, globalization, which refers to increase in trade and financial integration of the world economy (cite, Ayhan Kose) , and education and its effects on the economy. Firstly, one huge byproduct of globalization is a process called outsourcing. Christian Caron, a Sociology professor at the University of Toronto defines outsourcing as the process in which large corporations send production and services to firms in less developed countries . This creates jobs in less developed countries, thus boosting their economy, while the corporations end up paying fewer taxes in the more developed countries. Outsourcing has become a very common practice in the first world, and in trade, creating a larger demand for jobs in the third world, ultimately, boosting the economy of all countries involved Education is a top priority for many countries. The higher the literacy rates in a particular country, the more specialized jobs there will be for the population, in trade this has a positive effect on the overall GDP of the state. The key relationship of GDP and literacy rates is shown through specialized jobs, specialized jobs create more work, and creates a diversity in job opportunities for a society (not just manual labor jobs) (cite). Although many third world countries often lack schooling and education, there have been efforts byShow MoreRelatedPoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1875 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty eradication has become one of the main goals within the last few decades as shown through the recently expired Millennium Development Goals and the subsequent Sustainable Development Goals. Poverty, in turn, is influential as high poverty causes worse health outcomes within a country. Poverty severely affects several aspects of quality of life, such as health, happi ness. This makes it important to evaluate the quality of life within a country. Poverty and Inequality have been linked togetherRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesPoverty in America is severe. One third of our population lives under the poverty line. The poverty line being a family of three or more surviving on $36,000 or less. This transfers to 20.5 million people. Seven million of these people being women with children. 6.7% of our population has an income less than 9,000 for a family of three. These numbers are astounding and they are only on the rise. This means that more families are going without food. This means more children are starving and gettingRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1501 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals in poverty face their own problems and cope with them in their own way. People in poverty may face problems with their health and well-being (Fauth, Leventhal, and Brooks-Gunn 250). They may not be able to afford medical care, and the environments of poverty could contribute to poor health or injury. Also, poverty leads to a lack of resources which causes a lack in development (Broosky, O’Campo, and Aronson 660). Without the same resources as others, people may not be as well off. TheyRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty831 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty line is a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards. Generally, a person who falls below this line is without any basic needs like food, shelter, clothing etc. Every government strives to reduce the number of poor people in the country. The poverty line should be defined in such a way that no needy person is left out. Around the world, in rich or poor nations, poverty has always been present. It’s a very important tool inRead MoreInequality Between Poverty And Poverty1139 Words   |  5 Pageslast two decades in ending the terms of inequalities an d poverty. Many countries are determined to improve their economy, and become fully developed just like the United States. In my home country, Kuwait, poverty do not exist, however, inequalities do. Some of the countries that have done well in the recent past include China, India, Brazil, and South Korea. However, poverty and inequalities are still being realized in the wealthy nation. Poverty and inequalities in the society are the two main factorsRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Middle Class1454 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is visible anywhere and it happens everywhere, from the richest nations to the poorest. From the youth to the elderly, poverty can dramatically affect anyone. Some grow up in poverty, while others end up in it. Poverty has increased drastically over the years. The blame for the increased poverty has become an extremely controversial subject, as there are many contributing factors to spite each side. It is evident that it is the people in poverty themselves that is the underlying cause ofRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Between Poverty And Poverty1654 Words   |  7 PagesFifty years after the declaration of war on poverty, an increasing number of children still grow up in poverty in this country. Poverty is now more determinative than race as a predictor of student educational success (Reardon, 2013). The achievement gap between the poor and the more economically advantaged child has actually widened over the last three decades (Reardon, 2013). If we are to provide all children with equal and excellent educational opportunities, it is imperative that we utilize theRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculateRead MoreThe Relationship between Poverty and Crime879 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Poverty and the relationship it has to crime is a long standing sociological, humanists and historical phenomenon. From the plight of the third world to the violence soaked inner city streets of the 1980’s, the relationship of crime and poverty has been the source of a great deal of social commentary. In societies throughout the world and throughout history there has always been a traditional measure of deviance through relative income gaps. Both poverty and crime as well as theirRead MoreRelationship Between Poverty And Crime Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between poverty and crime will be examined in this literature review. The topic is interesting because there is a relationship between poverty and crime. Society uses a system that separates people by social class. Social class is determined by the total amount of income and wealth that a person has. According to Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner (2013), a person’s living expenses and needs are not met du e to the lack of proper wages would be considered living in poverty; the year 2009 a

Marketing on the marketing research department Free Essays

It is to be recalled that at the meeting of the Board of Directors of Company X held on 30 June, 2006, approval was given for the establishment of a Marketing Research Department. This decision was finally taken after several presentations were made to the Board to that effect.   The newly created department was charged with the following responsibilities: a. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing on the marketing research department or any similar topic only for you Order Now Determine how various customer groups are reacting to present marketing mixes of company X b.Evaluate the effectiveness of operational marketing mixes c.Create new marketing mixes for new customer markets d.Assess changes in the external environment and the effect they would have on product and service strategy e.Identify new market   (a to e are after McDaniel and Gates, 1999) f.Assess present relationships with external marketing agencies with the view to making them stronger. This report presents the current and potential problems confronting our organization from the perspective of marketing and how the newly created department intends to solve them. It also considers new opportunities that have been thrown up since the creation of the department and how it intends to take advantage of them. The marketing department also plans to recruit additional staff. The new staff shall be given an orientation to enable better cope with our style of working. Details of the marketing research process have been given in Appendix 1. IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS As with most start-up departments, the newly created marketing research department has no past records to guide its work. The only available records are those from our relationships with external marketing agencies. They cover mostly farmed out work from our organization. As a baby trying to walk, we anticipate to encounter difficulties but shall learn as we crawl forward. The department is seriously understaffed, so additional staff must be recruited to enable it discharge its assigned responsibilities. The new staff members would be given an orientation to enable them cope with our unique style of working. The department would also have to put in place expanded information systems to cope with the additional responsibilities assigned to it. Such systems would enable us handle the data that we collect and analyze effortlessly. There is also the need to put up in-house facilities for focus-group work and telephony research. IDENTIFIED OPPORTUNITIES It is estimated that about over One billion people use the internet worldwide (Business week, 2005). Available reports indicate that this figure shall increase in future. This is a big opportunity for our company, if we can identify our customers and offer them tailor-made goods and services. Some of the market segments of our company are presently underserved. There is the need to accurately identify them and map out strategies to fully serve them. New markets have also opened up in other countries and regions that we must adequately research and go after. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS We shall have to develop discussion guide book for our focus group work and also a manual on the research process orientation. Five additional staff shall be recruited for our in-house research work. Of the staff employed two with a background information technology and electronic business or commerce shall be needed for our web-based businesses. Materials shall also be procured for our in-house focus group work. New Information systems shall be purchased to seamlessly weave data output from the different departments with that of marketing research. From our customer research studies, we shall be better placed to take advantage of the opportunities that have risen up online.   It is our goal to match the enormous opportunity online with the strength of our new staff members, with the background in electronic business or commerce.   The business and marketing plans shall provide details on how new emerging markets shall be entered into and existing ones developed. The plans shall also outline ways and means of forging solid relationships with marketing agencies and other stakeholders. Conclusion It is our wish that if these measures are implemented, we shall not only see a vibrant marketing research department but also the kind that contributes enormously to our company’s bottom line results. Appendix 1 THE MARKETING RESEARCH PROCESS McDaniel and Gates (1999) have outlined an eight stage procedure for conducting marketing. These are: a.Problem or opportunity identification and formulation b.Creation of research design c.Selection of research methodology d.Selection of sampling procedure e.Collection of data f.Analysis of data g.Preparation and writing of report h.Follow up a.Problem or opportunity identification During this stage attempt is made to identify the problem at stake or the opportunity to be taken advantage of. Attempt is also made to grasp the scope of the problem and also the opportunity. The information needed in solving the problem and the way and manner it should be obtained is also determined.   After having grasped the scope of the problem or opportunity, the research objectives are outlined. It must be stressed that it is essential for the problem under investigation to be thoroughly understood as the other subsequent stages rest on this stage. b.Creation of research design At this stage, the researcher devises a plan or an approach for answering the research question. In doing so, the researcher must opt for an approach that is cost-effective and also provide the highest possible information for decision making. C.Selection of research methodology There are essentially three major methods for carrying out marketing research. These are surveys, observation and experiment. At this stage therefore the research should select one or a combination of them to collect the information needed. d.Selection of sampling procedure A sample is a subset of the population the researcher is interested in. At this stage therefore, the researcher decides on which members of the target population should be used for the research†¦ The researcher must determine whether he would give each and every member of the target population equal opportunity to participate in the research or only a select few shall be used. e.Collection of data This stage entails the collection of the information that the researcher is interested in.   This can be interviewing, survey questionnaire, and observation. The researcher can decide to collect the information himself or ask other persons to do so on his behalf. f.Analysis of data The data collected is analyzed at this stage to give meaning to it. From the analysis, it makes it possible for the researcher to interpret the results and offer recommendations and conclusion g.Preparation and writing of report. The analyzed and interpreted data must be communicated to the desired audience in a report. Since the objective of this stage   is to give understanding to what the researcher has found, the report was be tailored to needs of the audience. h.Follow-up At this stage, the researcher seeks to find out whether the results and recommendations made in a report have been used and also what has been the outcome of it AReferences 1.Businessweek (2005). The Future of Tech, Businessweek ,20th June edition. McDaniel, C. and Gates, R. (1999). Contemporary Marketing Research, South-Western College Pub How to cite Marketing on the marketing research department, Essays